navfac keflavik, iceland navfac keflavik, iceland

The commands and personnel were covered by the "oceanographic" term until 1991 when the mission was declassified. I was stationed at an off-site location known as a NAVFAC, although I lived with my family on the air station. homes for sale by owner in vinton county, ohio; matthew reed obituary; cjfl eligibility rules; alabama symphony orchestra appalachian spring; how to auto sync photos to sound on tiktok NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. Sources and Resources. Glenn H. Shira February 18, 2014 at 12:46pm. As a result, the commands, Oceanographic System Atlantic and Oceanographic System Pacific became Undersea Surveillance Atlantic and Undersea Surveillance Pacific, and personnel were able to wear insignia reflecting the mission. Is the US Navy returning?Currently the Keflavk Airbaseis being used by planes from the US and other NATO members (Iceland is a member nation). NAVFAC's were the terminal sites for . NAS Keflavik, Iceland was located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. Header Menu Menu navfac keflavik, iceland. 4 0 obj On 8 September 2006, NASKEF's last commanding officer, Capt. The system used very large towers and unwieldy components while SOSUS provided more than adequate warning and coverage and thus the system did not come into operation. SOSUS history began in 1949 when the US Navy approached the Committee for Undersea Warfare, an academic advisory group formed in 1946 under the National Academy of Sciences, to research antisubmarine warfare. That old application of Artemis caused some confusion.[26]. As Iceland does not have an army or an air force NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircrafts to provide air policing. To sustain this, the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps created small, specialized teams that move mountains to . Search for your Apparel Store and shop . Both the full name and acronym were classified. The early arrangement can be seen in the vertical photograph of Naval Facility Nantucket and later in the photograph of Naval Facility Brawdy below. New signal processing capabilities allowed for innovations such as the split array in which a single line array was divided into segments, each separately processed, then electronically recombined to form narrower beams for better bearing and cross fixes between arrays. The data center will take advantage of the available geothermal power and free cooling to minimize its carbon footprint. We are changing how we plan and prepare for this war. Ambassador to Iceland announced that the United States had decided to substantially reduce the size of the Iceland Defense Force. Commander, Oceanographic System Pacific (COMOCEANSYSPAC) was established for the Pacific systems in 1964. During 1996 NAVFAC Keflavik Iceland closes and the new Fixed Distributed System Initial Operational Capability is accomplished. On the submarine force side, there was a recurrent idea that SOSUS/IUSS could not detect U.S. submarines despite early SOSUS tracking USS George Washington across the Atlantic in its early days. [4], After being granted self-governance by Denmark in 1918 with the signing of the 25-year Danish-Icelandic Act of Union, Iceland followed a policy of strict neutrality in international affairs. The ROCC remained active until the turnover of the facility in 2006. The projects, supporting the European Deterrence Initiative, or EDI, implemented by the U.S. European Command, intends to increase the responsiveness and readiness of U.S. Air Forces, NATO member-state forces and allies in Europe., Air University and Maxwell AFB News article display template The first US troops after WWII were stationed at the base in 1951, and the US maintained a large presence there until its closing on 8 September 2006. [1] The focus of the US Navy also turned toward a new fixed system, the Fixed Distributed System, and systems deployable on a theater basis such as the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System and Advanced Deployable System. It took five years for Bureau of Personnel to create the rating of Ocean Technician [OT]. Your essential guide to life, travel and entertainment in Iceland. The contract was managed by Bureau of Ships (BuShips) with then Ensign Joseph P. Kelly, later Captain and termed "Father of SOSUS," assigned. NAVFAC Lewes, Delaware closed that year. [citation needed], In 1974, the left-wing Government of Iceland's new proposal to close the base triggered a petition that garnered 55,000 signatures, about a quarter of the population of the entire nation. Join Your Unit Today. The operators had no information on which to identify a hostile submerged submarine's unique signature while snorkeling on the LOFARgram. The system was capable of oceanic surveillance with the long ranges made possible by exploiting the deep sound channel, or SOFAR channel. As the new mobile systems came on line, SOSUS arrays themselves were deactivated and some turned over for scientific research. We have incorporated innovative design and construction techniques to build resilient facilities to ensure the longest lifespan at the overall lowest lifecycle cost.. Project Hartwell. The same year, the Pacific systems began to be installed and activated. The Icelandic government turned them down. In 1990 officers were authorized to wear IUSS insignia. Even the Fleet had little knowledge of the system or its function. The projects support the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) which is implemented by the US European Command. [3][32] The old station is now home of the Gerace Research Center. The plane crews are only a small fraction of the thousands of US servicemen that used to by stationed at Keflavk. [citation needed]. The primary mission of Naval Air Station Keflavik was to maintain and operate facilities and provide services and material to support operations of aviation activities and units of the operating forces of the Navy and other activities and units, as designated by the Chief of Naval Operations. All the direct support through contracts with Western Electric, Bell Labs and ship schedules was under this management. More than 100 Sailors attended the event, representing [] The understanding of the ocean acoustic environment made the system possible rather than development of new technology. Now the world has changed and we are facing a war on terrorism. [3] Due to the fact that the SOSUS community departed from the usual Navy cultural routine, with repeat assignments within the small community, women were able to serve in a warfare specialty without shipboard duty that was still being denied. [3], The LOFARgram representation of acoustics in black, gray and white with an operator trained and adapted to interpreting that display was the critical link in the system. In military construction hearings during 1964 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services the request for funding of recreational and other support buildings for the Naval Facility Cape Hatteras the Navy noted it was part of a program supporting continental air and missile defense forces without mention of its role in tracking Soviet missile submarines. During 1958 the remainder of the Pacific stations at Naval Facility Point Sur and Centerville Beach in California and Pacific Beach, Washington, and Coos Head near Coos Bay, Oregon were installed. With the end of the war in Europe, Keflavik Airport became a transit point for aircraft returning from the European Theater of Operations to the United States. With American air activities greatly reduced in Europe in the immediate postwar months, U.S. flying operations were similarly reduced in preparation for transfer of the base to the Icelandic government at the end of 1946. [10], The first women were assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera when an officer and ten enlisted women were assigned in 1972. The submarines did not withdraw so SAC dispersed the bombers to bases as far away as Texas. 11 years ago kn. The airfield was extended by the Nello L. Teer Company[6] and two new aircraft hangars were constructed. If you served in NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland, Join TWS for free to reconnect with service friends. Don't worry, we won't spam you. But this was insufficient for the new Defense Force, so additional facilities had to be provided quickly. AFCEC Facility Engineering Directorate director Col David Norton said: The airforce depends on the technical expertise of the professionals from AFCEC and Det. An empty hangarCaught in the gap between its old role at a naval base and unwritten future. You can discover a few cafes, shops, restaurants and museums in the town to make . [15], The opposite occurred when the surveillance community did not have information on U.S. submarine operations, and assumed they held a Soviet or unknown contact. Innovation in Aerospace, Defence & Security: Lidar/Radar Ele Boeing consolidates ties with Kuwait for F/A-18 $70m logistics contract. Keflavk played a key role during the Cold War Endicott, Judy G., USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995. [citation needed]. [1] The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine occurred on 6 July 1962 when NAVFAC Barbados recognized and reported contact #27103, a Soviet nuclear submarine west of Norway coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.[1][3]. Mountains. [3][note 8] Arrays of hydrophones placed around the target area located the missile warhead by means of measuring arrival times of the explosion at the various hydrophones of a SOFAR charge in the test warhead. MATS re-established a military air terminal and refueling point for trans-Atlantic air service between the United States and Europe at Keflavik. [1], The secrecy of the system meant that it did not have the widespread fleet support of successful tactical systems despite its actual success. Get a vacation. Consolidation and new systems brought further change in 1985. On 1 October 1994, the 35th Wing was inactivated at Keflavik and reactivated that same day at Misawa Air Base in Misawa, Japan. Mentions of social responsibility decreased by 22% in the aerospace & defense industry in Q3 2022, Whos saying what? "[7] This refers to A2 on the musical scale, which is technically two A's below middle C. Jezebel and LOFAR branched into the localization of submarines with the AN/SSQ-28 passive omnidirectional Jezebel-LOFAR sonobuoy introduced in 1956 for use by the air antisubmarine forces. Equipment in the terminal buildings was installed by specially cleared Western Electric Company personnel. [3], In 1974 Naval Facility Brawdy, Wales was established as the terminus of new arrays covering the eastern Atlantic. It involved everyone here and many higher headquarters elements to develop the plan and execute it.. Patterson Field was closed after the war, but Meeks Field and the adjoining structures were returned to Iceland's control and renamed Naval Air Station Keflavik after the nearby town of Keflavk. The word Artemis had been used as a code word in the first days before Jezebel, Michael and Caesar as an unclassified name. navfac keflavik, icelandcapricorn and virgo flirting. 2 0 obj [3], Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. His environmental photographic study records this uncertainty and documents an important phase, both in the history of Iceland and the US Military. An associated program. ** Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from 48th Operations Group, RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom. [22], Cable technology and signal processing improved and upgrades were made to the original installations. [note 11] Kingsport was still with the project. navfac keflavik, iceland. NAS PANAMA CANAL NAVAL STATION HAT PATCH CAP US NAVY VETERAN USS SAILOR GIFT WOW. Photo/Bragi r Jsefsson. NAS Keflavik also features prominently in Icelandic author Arnaldur Indriason's 1999 mystery thriller Napleonsskjlin, published in English in 2011 as Operation Napoleon. [27] During that period an atypical SOSUS system was installed in 1959 at Argentia, Newfoundland to provide surveillance for approaches to Hudson Bay. The airfield complex, one of the largest in the world during the war, also required upgrading to accommodate modern aircraft. KEFLAVIK AIR BASE, Iceland - U.S. aircraft often fly to the farthest reaches of the globe. COMOCEANSYSPAC relocated to Ford Island, Hawaii from Treasure Island, California. Soon after the return of U.S. forces to Keflavik. The first US troops after WWII were stationed . The government of Iceland protested the invasion but asked the populace to treat the occupying force as guests. Let us know! The base offered a wide variety of recreational services which included bowling, swimming, gymnasium, theater, social clubs, a Wendy's restaurant, and hobby centers. with playing a significant role in deterrence. United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) took over ACC responsibilities at Keflavik on 1 October 2002 as part of a larger restructuring of the unified commands. endobj [35], In 1975 Mizar left Naval Research Laboratory service and joined Project Caesar. For the civil airport use of this facility, see, The flag of Iceland being raised and the flag of the US being lowered as the US hands over the Naval Air Station to the Government of Iceland, Military Air Transport Service era (19511961), Deactivation and post-military use (20062015), . The new Advanced Deployable System enters as a part of IUSS and NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales closes with equipment and operation transferred to Joint Maritime Facility St Mawgan during 1995. Another agreement signed between the United States and Iceland in 1946 permitted continued use of the base by the United States. navfac keflavik, iceland. There were more than 25 different commands of various sizes and personnel from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard in Iceland. NAVFAC Barbados was decommissioned in 1979. A second generation WADR allowed the consolidation of the Aleutian station at Adak in 1993, the North Atlantic's Argentia in 1995, and those termed "Special Projects" in 1997 and 1998. . At that time the order for stations was increased from six to nine. . It was even found that color blindness could be an advantage. Under ADC until 1979 and under TAC until 1992. Artemis, goddess of the hunt, stood for those cleared for Frederick V. Hunt and his idea of a passive system like SOSUS in his May 1950 report. The 1960 secret, limited distribution Navy film Watch in the Sea, contains a segment at about 9:22 minutes into the film concerning the search for a suitable array location and laying the array. "[8], Related research, based at Columbia University's Hudson Laboratory, was designated Project Michael. [1][3], The cable ships Neptune and Albert J. Myer were acquired to support Project Caesar with later addition of the cable ships Aeolus and Thor. The Ocean System commands, COMOCEANSYSLANT (COSL) and COMOCEANSYSPAC (COSP), then began to reflect their true nature as Undersea Surveillance commands COMUNDERSEASURVLANT (CUSL) and COMUNDERSEASURVPAC (CUSP) under the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) name that had come into effect in 1985 as systems other than fixed emerged. [12], In September 2015, news media reported U.S. government officials expressed a desire to reopen aspects of the NATO base of Keflavik Naval Air Station, to cope with increasing Russian military activity around Iceland. Golfing was available in a nearby community. The unclassified name Project Caesar was used to cover the installation of the system and a cover story developed regarding the shore stations, identified only as a Naval Facility (NAVFAC), being for oceanographic research. Naval Security Group Activity Keflavik was decommissioned and shut down in 1994. [3] Although officially declassified in 1991, by that time IUSS and SOSUS had long been an open secret. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the US began to . Icelandic nationals were only barred from actual security-restricted military facilities such as aircraft parking areas, squadron and hangar facilities and classified operations centers. Since May 2008 Keflavik has periodically hosted NATO fighter, AWACS and support aircraft participating in Icelandic Air Policing deployments. [1][3], A cover story was developed to explain the visible shore installations, the Naval Facilities, and the commands under which they fell. [1][10] When two or more arrays held a target the bearings from each array gave an estimated target position by triangulation. The signatures available were of surfaced submarines from other sources. Location NAS Keflavik, Iceland was located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. Less than a year later, the 57 FIS was redesignated as the 57 Fighter Squadron (57 FS) and reassigned to the 35th Fighter Wing that was transferred from the closing George AFB, California. The leading site for news and procurement in the military aerospace industry, IDEX 2023: EDGE Group dominates as strategic partner, Environmental sustainability innovation: Leading companies in wing-lift enhancement mountings for the aerospace and defence industry, Leading innovators in vibration supression devices for the aerospace and defence industry, Nato allies improve skills during exercise Real Thaw in Portugal, Australia to deliver two PAC-750XL aircraft for PNGDF, Raytheon to build seven-vehicle missile tracking satellite for SDA, Raft receives $100m contract to support USAFs Kessel Run, Whos saying what? [3][22], In 1984 the first SURTASS vessel, USNSStalwart(T-AGOS-1) arrives at Little Creek, Virginia. [3], SOSUS systems consisted of bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays connected by underwater cables to facilities ashore. In 1966 the project came under Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX PME-124) where it remained through the name change in 1986 to Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWARSYSCOM PMW 180)[note 12] and a move from Arlington to San Diego in 1997. [24] The SD-C cable was the basis for a fourth generation of sonar sets with installation of the Lightweight Undersea Components (LUSC) involving new shore equipment in 1984. As a result, people in the fleet often did not know of the system's dedicated antisubmarine mission. <> [15] In 1997 the RAINFORM was abandoned and replaced. Point Sur acoustic data was routed to NAVFAC Centerville. Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) is a United States Navy station at Keflavk International Airport, Iceland, located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. Everyone from the Sailors to the Airmen to the U.S. civilians to our host nationals who have worked this effort, have done an incredible job. Naval Facility [NAVFAC], Keflavik, Iceland Tactical Support Center Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, WA Tactical Support Center .-.-.-. The shallow water system at Argentia was deactivated. A system wide modernization began in 1972. As a result of the Hartwell group's recommendations, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) contracted with American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), with its Bell Laboratories research and Western Electric manufacturing elements, to develop a long range, passive detection system, based on bottom arrays of hydrophones. These are the U. S. Naval Facilities. On 25 May 1951 the United States Air Force (USAF) reestablished its presence at Keflavik Airport with the stationing of the 1400th Air Base Group. Patterson Field in the south-east opened in 1942 despite being partly incomplete. [33] NAVFAC Barbers Point is commissioned. The two new ships were to be designed as modern cable ships, fully capable of cable and survey work. [1][2] As a result, the Navy formed a study group designated Project Hartwell, named for the University of Pennsylvania's Dr. G.P. Tactical Support Center Keflavik - U.S. The active mode was named by engineers developing the technique "Julie" after a burlesque dancer whose "performance could turn passive buoys active. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland (AFNS) -- The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik. Over the next three decades, more systems were added; NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland in 1966 and NAVFAC Guam in 1968 being examples of expansion beyond the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. [1] The system could provide cuing information on the presence of the submarines and an approximate location for air or surface antisubmarine warfare assets to localize the target. Shore upgrades and new cable technology allowed system consolidation until by 1980 that process had resulted in many closures of the NAVFACs with centralized processing at a new type facility, Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), that by 1981 saw one for each ocean and mass closing of the NAVFACs. Promise! A 1965 decision to deploy systems to the Norwegian Sea was followed in 1966 with a system terminating at Keflavik, Iceland with the first 3X16 array system while Western Electric installed data links by land line to OCEANSYSLANT and OCEANSYSPAC. Other services included a Navy Exchange, commissary, bank, credit union, hospital, beauty shop, tour office and morale flights to the rest of Europe and the United States. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland - The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik,, The Keflavk Naval Air Station played an important role during the Cold War, allowing the US to monitor Soviet activities in the North Atlantic. Whether you're a current student, parent, player, fan or alumni, you'll find over 500 products to customize from, including Keflavik Naval Air Station T-Shirts, Sweatshirts, Hats, Jerseys and more. About this group. MATS (later Military Airlift Command and Air Mobility Command) units remained at the airport until the withdrawal of United States military units from Iceland in 2006. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are more than welcome to join. With closure of NAVFAC Brawdy and its array data remoted to Joint Maritime Facility (JMF), St Mawgan the later Integrated Undersea Surveillance System character of the consolidated, joint centers was achieved. The system terminating at Cape May was rerouted to a new Naval Facility Lewes, Delaware, with upgraded processing, after the NAVFAC Cape May had been destroyed in the "Ash Wednesday" Storm. [16][17], The first detection of Soviet Victor- and Charlie-class submarines was in 1968 with systems terminating at the facility followed by the first detection of a Soviet Delta Class Nuclear submarine in 1974. ", "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010", "Naval Facility Keflavik March 1966 - December 1996", USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers1908 to present, Official Navy disestablishment press release, Guarding the United States and its Outposts, United States Army Center of Military History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik&oldid=1133698383, Reykjavik Administrative Area, 6 August 1941, Keflavik Airport*, 25 October 1946 28 June 2006, European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA), 10 June 1942, 386th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 August 1944 18 February 1946, 1400th Air Base Group, 23 May 1951 1 July 1960, 53d Air Rescue Squadron, 14 November 1952 24 March 1960. [1][3][18], From 219 January 1952 the British cable layer Alert installed the first full sized, 1,000ft (304.8m) long, forty transducer element operational array in 240 fathoms (1,440.0ft; 438.9m) off Eleuthera in the Bahamas. stream A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. [citation needed]. [41], National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Vents program at its Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory was granted access to the system at the Naval Ocean Processing Facility at Whidbey Island in October 1990 to combine raw analog data from specific hydrophones with NOAA systems for continuous monitoring of the northeast Pacific Ocean for low-level seismic activity and detection of volcanic activity along the northeast Pacific spreading centers. On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use. Icelandic nationals had unrestricted access to most of the base, especially since the civilian international airport terminal was also located on the base at the time. It was a shallow water, curved array with ten eight-element arrays installed on two cables with each cable having the capacity for the usual forty elements. Region: Reykjanes. It received long-range radar inputs from five radar sites: the four sites in Iceland plus a data-tie from the Trshavn AS radar in the Faroe Islands. KEFLAVIK, ICELAND 09.23.2020 Courtesy Story Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center Public Affairs Other ships are mentioned as having "cameo" appearances and the project apparently made use of other Navy survey and civilian cable ships on occasion. Please send me notice of any profanity or misuse of this board. Texas Applied Research Laboratories,[45] and several other organizations have used the system for research. Keflavik is a small town on Reykjanes, a volcanic peninsula in South Iceland. Atlantic NAVFAC Antigua and Pacific NAVFACs at San Nicolas Island and Point Sur in California closed. endobj The system's true nature was classified with the name and acronym SOSUS themselves classified. In 2017, the United States announced its intention to modify the largest hangar on the Icelandic base in order to house the new Boeing P-8 Poseidon ASW aircraft being introduced. [29] The satellite communications ship Kingsport joined the project in 1967 for acoustic and bathymetric work. But what will not change is our friendship and partnership with Iceland.. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland - The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland.. Mark S. Laughton, presided over a ceremony effecting the disestablishment of the air station.[8][9]. Search hotels. A P-8A Poseidon aircraft assigned to Patrol Squadron 16, arrives in Keflavik, Iceland, for anti-submarine warfare training, April 18, 2017. [3][10], SOSUS was closely held on a strict need-to-know basis that was close to Sensitive Compartmented Information even though it was classified at the Secret level. * Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from various squadrons of 52d Operations Group, Spangdahlem AB, Germany. An alternative story is that it was named for a local bar popular with MIT faculty. SOSUS grew out of tasking in 1949 to scientists and engineers to study the problem of antisubmarine warfare. Reply to hi. The facility at Whidbey, with multiple systems terminating there became Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) Whidbey. Those were followed by remoting Hawaii's Barber's Point in 1985, the Pacific Northwest arrays at Pacific Beach and Coos Head in 1987, and Bermuda in the Atlantic in 1992. Alternate or dual-use partnerships exist with a number of agencies and institutions. Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) disestablished September 8, 2006 during a ceremony officially ending its 45 years of operations in support of the defense of Iceland. . SOSUS assignment qualified as important as sea duty on a Cold War front line. 4 to deliver mission-ready infrastructure. This museum is known as the Duus Museum. Donald, David, "Century Jets USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War". Also present were representatives from Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark. Picture Information. In 1951, the U.S. military returned to the airport under a defense agreement between Iceland and the U.S. signed on 5 May 1951.[5]. bd. CLASSIC BULLSEYE. [3] NAVFAC Cape Hatteras closed in 1982 and in 1983 Midway acoustic data was rerouted directly to Naval Ocean Processing Facility, Ford Island. When USSThresher sank in 1963, SOSUS helped determine its location. Bell Telephone Laboratories time delay correlation was used to fix target position with two or more sonobuoys in a technique named COrrelation Detection And Ranging (CODAR). The base was regularly visited by the American military and other NATO allies for military exercises, NATO Air Policing, and other tasks. This later had implications as the Cold War ended and budgets became an issue. And the cooperation has been simply outstanding. An example was subject to a box piece in the January 5, 1981 issue of Newsweek titled "A Soviet War of Nerves" concerning an incident from August 1978.